As part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the Health Insurance Marketplace (or “Exchange”) opened again for business on Nov. 1, 2015, when Open Enrollment for 2016 healthcare coverage began. The Marketplace is an online, one-stop shopping experience for health coverage designed to make it easier for individuals and families to compare and purchase insurance. Thirteen states have their own marketplace and the rest of them partner with the federal HealthCare.gov exchange or are run by it.
To quickly access your state’s plan, click here and enter the name of your state. Each of these Marketplaces offers a variety of plans from participating health insurance companies.
In addition to finding health coverage, you can use the Marketplace to find out whether you qualify for money-saving federal subsidies, including Cost-Sharing Reductions, which can lower your out-of-pocket costs, and Advanced Premium Tax Credits, which lower your monthly premiums.
These subsidies are available only on the Marketplace and can make a significant difference in the type of coverage you might be able to afford. During open enrollment, which runs from Nov. 1 through Dec. 15, 2020, you can set up an account and fill out the online application on your state’s Marketplace to see the health coverage options available to you and find out whether you qualify for subsidies.
On Jan. 28, 2021, President Biden signed an executive order (and an extension in March) to implement a Special Enrollment Period, reopening the federal insurance marketplace (healthcare.gov) from Feb. 15 through Aug. 15, 2021.
Regardless of where you live, all plans in the Marketplace are separated into four “metallic” levels—Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum—based on how you and the plan can expect to share your healthcare costs. Here, we explain the different coverage levels and define some key terms to help you decide among Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum health insurance plans.
Understanding Out-of-Pocket Costs
Premium
When you purchase health insurance, the amount you pay for the coverage each month is called the premium. You pay this whether or not you go to the doctor, visit the hospital or buy prescription medications. When and if you do receive healthcare, your costs—above and beyond the premium—are based on your plan’s deductible, co-payment, coinsurance, and out-of-pocket maximum. In order to make informed choices when comparing and purchasing health plans, it is important to understand what these terms mean.
Deductible
A deductible is the amount you have to pay for covered services before your insurance starts to pay. For instance, if you have a $2,000 deductible, you will pay 100% of your healthcare expenses until the amount you have paid reaches $2,000. After you meet your deductible, some services might be covered at 100% while others would require you to pay coinsurance (more on that below).
Copayment
A copayment (sometimes called “copay”) is a fixed dollar amount that you pay for certain healthcare services. Typically, you will have different co-payment amounts for different types of service, such as a $25 copayment for a doctor’s office visit or a $250 copayment for an emergency room visit. In most cases, any copayments you make do not count toward your deductible.
Coinsurance
Your share of the costs of a healthcare service is called coinsurance. Typically, this is figured as a fixed percentage of the total charge for a service, such as 15% or 30%. Coinsurance kicks in after you’ve met your deductible. For example, assume you’ve already met your $2,000 deductible and your plan’s coinsurance is 15%. If you have a hospital charge of $1,000, your share of the costs would be $150 (15% of $1,000). If your coinsurance was 30%, your share would be $300.
Out-of-Pocket Maximum
A plan’s out-of-pocket maximum (or out-of-pocket limit) is the most you pay during a policy period (typically a year) before your plan starts to pay 100% of the allowed amount. The money you pay for premiums and healthcare that your plan doesn’t cover (e.g. elective surgery) does not count towards your out-of-pocket maximum.
Depending on your plan, your deductible, copayments, and/or coinsurance may apply towards the out-of-pocket maximum. The various healthcare plans have different out-of-pocket maximums; however, under healthcare reform, the 2021 limits are $8,550 for individuals and $17,100 for families.
An important new benefit for 2016 and beyond is that even if the family-plan limit is higher, large numbers of insurance plans must begin to pay when any individual family member’s health expenses have reached the individual maximum of $8,550 as of 2021. Previously, they could refuse to pay until the family’s entire spending had reached the much higher family limit.
This policy is called the “embedded out-of-pocket spending limit.” Starting with 2016 plans, non-grandfathered self-funded and large group plans must follow this policy for any individual in a family plan that has an out-of-pocket limit higher than the individual limit ($8,550 for 2021). The Society for Human Resource Management offers a more detailed explanation.
Essential Health Benefits
For an insurance company to participate in the Marketplace, it must offer at least Silver and Gold plans. No matter which plan you choose—Bronze, Silver, Gold, or Platinum—the same set of Essential Health Benefits will be covered:
- Addiction treatment
- Ambulatory patient services
- Birth control and breastfeeding
- Care for newborns and children
- Emergency services
- Hospitalization
- Laboratory services
- Maternity care
- Mental health services
- Occupational and physical therapy
- Prescription drugs
- Preventive and wellness services (such as vaccines and cancer screenings)
Covered benefits are the healthcare services that your insurer pays for under your plan. You may still be required to pay a copayment or coinsurance, but the service is recognized by your plan. By comparison, if a service is not covered—such as elective surgery or chiropractic care—you would be responsible for 100% of the associated costs.
The Essential Health Benefits are the minimum requirements for all plans in the Marketplace; certain plans will offer additional coverage, but no plan can offer less.
Actuarial Value
The four levels of health plans—Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum—are differentiated based on their actuarial value: the average percentage of healthcare expenses that will be paid by the plan. The higher the actuarial value (i.e. Gold and Platinum), the more the plan will pay towards your bill and, therefore, the lower your out-of-pocket costs for deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance.
The downside to the plans that provide more coverage is that you will pay a higher premium each month.
On average, a Bronze plan will cover 60% of covered medical expenses, and your share will be the remaining 40%. The actuarial value of each type of plan is shown here:
Your share of costs might come in the form of a large deductible with low coinsurance once you’ve met your deductible. Another plan might offer a low deductible with higher coinsurance. For example, Silver Plan A (which generally pays 70% of your health care expenses) offers a high $2,000 deductible and a low 15% coinsurance. Silver Plan B, on the other hand, has a low $250 deductible but a higher 30% coinsurance.
How Much Will It Cost?
For any plan, your monthly premium will be based on several factors including:
- Your age
- Whether or not you smoke (in some states you will pay a “surcharge” if you are a smoker)
- Where you live
- How many people are enrolling with you (spouse and/or child)
- Your insurance company
Since your state’s Marketplace allows various private insurers to offer plans, a Silver plan from one company may cost more or less than the same plan offered by a different insurer. Plans offered by the same company, however, will increase in price as the actuarial value and the amount the plan pays go up.
As discussed above, the federal limit for annual out-of-pocket expenses for individuals (not including monthly premiums) is $8,550; the family cap is $17,100. Certain plans may have even lower out-of-pocket caps.
Deciding Which Plan Is Best for You
Comparing plans and choosing one can be a challenge. You will have to consider your health and your financial situation. In general, if you expect to have many healthcare visits or require regular prescriptions, you may be better off with a Gold or Platinum plan that pays a higher percentage of the costs. If, on the other hand, you are healthy and don’t expect to have many bills, you might be comfortable choosing a Bronze or Silver plan.
Of course, even healthy people can have accidents or become ill and end up with lots of medical bills, so you have to factor in your risk tolerance as well. It also makes sense to check which hospitals and physicians are included in the plan you choose.
If your income falls between 100% and 250% of the federal poverty level ($12,880 to $32,200 for an individual as of 2021), you may be eligible for a Cost-Sharing Reduction subsidy, which can help lower your deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance.
In order to receive Cost-Sharing Reductions, you must purchase a Silver plan on the Marketplace. You will still have a variety of plans from which to choose, but it must be Silver to be able to take advantage of the Cost-Sharing Reduction subsidy.
Many people will qualify for Advanced Premium Tax Credits, a type of subsidy that lowers your monthly premium.
You may be eligible for this subsidy if your income falls between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level ($12,880 to $51,040 for an individual).
The Bottom Line
When choosing a plan, it is helpful to remember that all plans—Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum—cover the same Essential Health Benefits. Your monthly health insurance premium will be higher if you choose a higher-level plan, such as Gold or Platinum. But you will also pay less each time you visit a healthcare provider or get a prescription filled. Conversely, your monthly premium will be lower if you choose a Bronze or Silver plan, but you will pay more for each doctor visit, prescription, or healthcare service that you use.
The Cost-Sharing Reduction and Advanced Premium Tax Credits subsidies are not automatic: You must apply for them on the Health Insurance Marketplace.
Finding a balance between coverage and costs can be challenging. Starting Nov. 1, you can compare 2022 plans on the Marketplace to find the coverage that is the best fit for your financial situation and healthcare needs. You will also be able to apply for federal subsidies that can help reduce your costs.